Irregular flowering patterns in terrestrial orchids: theories vs empirical data
نویسندگان
چکیده
Accepted 25 January 2001 Copyright © EEF ISSN 1399-1183 Marked variations in flowering frequency, and irregular patterns of appearance above ground between years, were observed in many perennial herbs, among them various species of terrestrial orchids, such as Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.), Dactylorhiza incarnata (Druce), Orchis mascula (L.) and Listera ovata (L.) R. Brown (Tamm 1956, 1972), Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevallier, Aceras anthropophorum (L.) Sm. and Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Brown (Wells 1981), Ophrys sphegodes Miller (Hutchings 1987), Ophrys apifera Hudson (Wells and Cox 1991), Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt. (Whigham and O’Neill 1991) etc. However, other data on terrestrial orchids indicate conspicuous regularities in their life histories (Wells and Cox 1989, Leeson et al. 1991). Primack and Hall (1990) demonstrate that a greater investment in reproduction led to increasingly negative effects on the probability of flowering and leaf area in Cypripedium acaule Aiton. In small plants of Catasetum viridiflavum Hook., unlike larger (older) ones, the amount of stored nutrients appears important for both vegetative growth and flowering (Zimmerman 1990). Defoliation has a negative effect on the belowground corms in Tipularia discolor (Whigham 1990). Storage is relatively unimportant for the recovery of T. discolor Irregular flowering patterns in terrestrial orchids: theories vs empirical data
منابع مشابه
The Dynamics of Flowering and Fruit Production in Two Eastern North American Terrestrial Orchids, Tipularia Discolor and Liparis Lilifolia
Liparis lili/olia (L.) Richard and Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutall. are common terrestrial orchids in deciduous forests of eastern North America. Although the species have different breeding systems, fruit production in both species is pollinator limited. Liparis is self-incompatible while Tipularia is selfcompatible but anther cap retention promotes outcrossing. Annual variation in the numbe...
متن کاملPollinator Behaviour on a Food-Deceptive Orchid Calypso bulbosa and Coflowering Species
Food deception as a pollination strategy has inspired many studies over the last few decades. Pollinator deception has evolved in many orchids possibly to enhance outcrossing. Food-deceptive orchids usually have low pollinator visitation rates as compared to rewarding species. They may benefit in visitations from the presence (magnet-species hypothesis) or, alternatively, absence of coflowering...
متن کاملDOAP1 Promotes Flowering in the Orchid Dendrobium Chao Praya Smile
APETALA1 (AP1) encodes a key MADS-box transcription factor that specifies the floral meristem identity on the flank of the inflorescence meristem, and determines the identity of perianth floral organs in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Orchids are members of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of angiosperms. Although the expression patterns of a few AP1-like genes in orchids hav...
متن کاملEnergy partitioning in terrestrial orchids—a model for assessing their performance
A model of the within-season growth of terrestrial orchids is presented. The model predicts the size of the tubers of Dactylorhiza majalis and Dactylorhiza fuchsii. Therefore, destructive methods can be avoided when sampling these rare orchids. The correlation coefficient and the slope of the relation between two consecutive measurements of leaf area early in the season are good indicators of p...
متن کاملMass flowering of the tropical tree Shorea beccariana was preceded by expression changes in flowering and drought-responsive genes
Community-level mass flowering, known as general flowering, which occurs in South-East Asia at supra-annual irregular intervals, is considered a particularly spectacular phenomenon in tropical ecology. Recent studies have proposed several proximate factors inducing general flowering, such as drought and falls in minimum temperature. However, limited empirical data on the developmental and physi...
متن کامل